After writing the spiritual memoir, we had to write a political/social memoir. I had to talk to my parents to refresh my memory of their history, and it was quite nice. I don't think they expected me to write about such a thing, but I think they're glad that someone in the family is finally starting to write it all down.
My piece will be part of a workshop on Tuesday, so this one is bound to have a lot of mistakes. I will post the rewrite when I get to do it. For now, enjoy!
Surviving
1975.
Fall of Saigon. Agent Orange. Viet Cong. My Lai Massacre.
These
facts flitter through my mind when I think of the Vietnam War. Sometimes I
can’t conceive that parts of my family’s history and my very being lie beneath
these stone cold, memorized facts that teachers used to throw at me in history
classes. Today, I’ve already forgotten most of the names of politicians and
military schemes within this war. Truth
be told, they’re just names that can be circled on multiple-choice tests.
I
didn’t need teachers to tell me what happened because I considered my parents
as sufficient proof that the war did
happen - that years ago, constant terror, fear of the communists, and soul-splitting
loss had my parents’ lives in their tight-clenched fists.
I look at my parents, and see how life
is wonderful for them. All of their children are either undergraduates or
graduates of a university. My parents can do
what they please. My mom just started taking private swimming lessons. My dad
is working on making his potbelly disappear by going on walks in the early
morning.
I admit: The story about my family and
parents is not simple. It’s an onion that always needs to be peeled. One layer contains
the political history that my parents had lived through: the Vietnamese War. Underneath
that layer might be one that captures the struggles that occurred after they
relocated to America, a foreign country. Directly below, or perhaps a few more
layers down, my own life and my siblings’ lives subsist in such an area, and it
covers the hopes and dreams my parents came to grasp for not just their own
reasons but for the children who are the carriers of their torch, their legacy.
In the end, there might be a story outside of my parents’ stories, but it’d
take years or my whole life to write such a thing. So, I’ll start with what I
know.
I’ve realized that my dad never talks
about his past unless he is asked about it. Which means, he only talked to me
about his past when I approached him during spring break. That’s how my dad and
I are similar. We would rather be moved than move on our own. My mom’s story
had always been the story of the
family, but I didn’t want to make it seem like my father’s story wasn’t just as
important as my mother’s.
As a newborn in 1947, my father was born
oblivious into a bloody, beaten world that had just crawled out from the
battlefields of World War II, and he was caught in another war that would go on
to cause more inconceivable damage to the world’s
political relations. Lê Phung grew up in a poor village enclosed by old,
rotting Catholic churches that stood as remnants of the French occupation in
the late 19th century. Even in 2012, when I
visited my
father’s home, the decrepit nature of the village could not be
relieved. The main road to my dad’s home remained unpaved. The tunnels still only allowed people as
its passersby, and cars were forced to turn around.
When my dad was young, he lived with his
mother in a two-room cemented house. In this place, he felt perfectly content.
My dad said he liked that he had his mother, because he only needed her.
As the Communists gained momentum, South
Vietnam and the United States needed more men to enlist in armies. In my dad’s
school, if a student couldn’t earn enough credits for school, he was forced
into the army. My dad said that he never liked school, so he didn’t do well,
but he wasn’t forced to go. My father wanted to enlist, because his friends did
the same. To this day, he always reunites with his buddies when some
anniversary of the naval academy comes up or when his friend invites him over
for a chat.
And so, my dad left South Vietnam. At
this time, he never knew that he’d leave his country at the age of 22, to join
forces with the Vietnamese and American Navy. He couldn’t know that when he was
able to receive sponsorship for entrance in the United States, he wouldn’t be
able to contact or hear his mother’s voice for many years.
Now, I suppose after this, I can say
that my dad happened to meet my mom over in the United States, got married, and
fell in love. But I can’t. That’s just too simple.
In 1956, Dwight D. Eisenhower defeated
Adlai Stevenson II to become the 34th President of the United
States. My mother, Pham Đông, came into the
world around that time, born to Pham Duyên and Mai Thi Cat,
a couple who ran a small, but marketable rice company in Nha Trang, Vietnam. At
this time, Nha Trang had the cộng-sản,
Viet Cong or the North Vietnamese communists, at the fringes of its
boundaries.
“It was during the time of the
Vietnamese
Lunar New Year,” she said, as she sat in front of the computer
in the middle of a Youtube video about some
obscure Vietnamese singer, “when I really noticed the world was ending. But I
forgot what – oh wait—”
“Ba! Ba!” she said, using
the Vietnamese word for my father who was actually sitting ten feet away from
her, only he’s a bit hard of hearing. “What year was the –” and she went off
talking in Vietnamese that I couldn’t understand.
“Ah,” my dad said back, his eyes
thoughtful. He stood up, his hands slipping into his pockets. “It was 1968.”
“Really? But I thought –” My mom looked
like she wanted to protest the date but stopped.
Dates get fuzzy as one ages in years. “No, that’s right.”
On January 30 of 1968, the Viet Cong
launched what is called Tết Offensive. Tết
is the Vietnamese term for the New Lunar Year celebration. The communists and
the South Vietnamese government had signed an agreement to put the Lunar New
Year as a time of ‘cease fire.’
However, the Tết truce ended; the
communists had broken their side of the agreement. During this time, my uncle, Xon, returned
from his position as part of a special force tasks in the Vietnamese army. When
the Americans needed help landing on Vietnamese soil, they needed to make sure
that the land was safe for their feet. The Viet Cong used to place boobytraps
into the ground and if the Americans were dropped off in such areas, they’d
lose more than just their feet.
My uncle’s job was to detect these
bombs, in aid of the Americans. As the Vietnamese celebrated Tết, a time of
color and loud, the air suddenly filled with cracks of what people thought were
firecrackers.
But they weren’t firecrackers.
Xon knew this from his experience.
Within minutes, he rushed his family, including my mom who was 12, into a
tunnel located underneath the house’s kitchen. They stayed there for hours.
When I went to Vietnam last summer, I stood in that same kitchen many times. We
held family breakfast and dinners in such a tranquil space. I had no way of
knowing that one of the safest places during 1968 existed underneath that
kitchen. The numbers were never officially calculated, but in the aftermath of
this offensive, the government estimated over 14, 000 dead victims due to the mass mortar attacks and ground assaults.
Even underneath the tunnel, as she huddled with her family, my mom remembers bracing
herself against the brisance of the mortar projectiles and hearing the rumbling
of the aftershock, which sounded like the roar of a lion.
A few months later, Xon died.
In 1975, Saigon fell. Along with its
government, its name also went away. The United States withdrew their forces.
The war ended.
Hồ Chí Minh City, named after the leader
of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, stands today as one of the most populous
cities in the country. This is the time that many people remember. Thousands of
Vietnamese demanded for relief, frightened by the prospects of the communist
state that would rise from their beloved Saigon. The name Hồ Chí Minh roughly translates to
“Bringer of Light.” But this light was not the benevolent light that one looks forward
to in a summer’s
day. The fall brought the scorch of the Communist forces that would leave the
Vietnamese screaming.
The United States amassed the largest
helicopter rescue mission in history. My
mom tells me that when the Operation Frequent Wind started, the sky was never
silent and never still. Operation Frequent Wind saw helicopters arrive in
Saigon, to rescue the Americans who were still stationed there and the
Vietnamese whose family had been part of the South Vietnamese government.
Desperate families pushed through to take that one step onto the helicopter in
hopes of escaping an uncertain future.
My mother and her family ran against
time. Her half-brother Con used to be a high ranked official in the Hậu Nghĩa province, but when the
Communists took over, they sent him to a reeducation camp. The term reeducation was
only a euphemism; instead, former South Vietnamese government members were
forced into labor, a means seen as repression tactics.
Con did all sorts of manual labor, from cutting crops in the
fields to
the dangerously scouring the mines. My uncle,
already pompous and cranky, before his time in camp, became more sullen and
quiet after emerging from this, my mom said. His experience changed him. With
him imprisoned, my family became more exposed. They, along with much of their
neighborhood, stood as opposition to the government.
With the impending danger prowling in
the rice fields and jungles of Vietnam and the dead bodies of North and South
Vietnamese scattered across the grounds of the country like leaves during the
Fall, my mother began to plan her escapes.
“Two nights a week, the government would
shut down all of the electricity,” my mom told me. “So in our homes, let’s see,
we didn’t have light. The streets were also dark.”
“Wait, so how did you escape, Mẹ?” I asked her. “If it was so dark out –”
“That’s right. It was really dark. But that’s why it was the perfect time for
us to escape,” she said in a conspiratorial tone as she leaned forward.
Escapees had two means of escapes that had
the greatest chances of succeeding: go by foot into Thailand or go by boat to
another country. Two of my closest cousins took the former route, because when
they went in 1988, they had less money.
My mom, however, became a boat person.
If I told a stranger that I need to leave
Connecticut and wanted him to give me a ride, I doubt that the stranger would
say yes. But this was what escapees had to do. To escape, they had to know or
meet someone with a boat. Instead of paying them with đồng,
paper money, they paid them in gold. Gold had more valuable than paper, whose
value constantly changed.
“We had to trust our guts,” my mom
said. “And sometimes, we were wrong.”
She tried to escape seven times. One
time, her “helper” carried her into the South China Sea by boat, but then took
her money, jumped ship, and left her there. Other times, she paid her helpers
beforehand, but they never showed up. At least one time, officials caught her
in the act. When this happened, my mom had two choices: go to jail or bribe the
officials and get away. Her choice was a no-brainer.
Her father, mother, and sister passed in
a rapid span of time, which furthered her determination to leave in order to
live. Live when others couldn’t.
Freedom. Freedom. The sweet taste
of mango on a summer’s day. That jump down a waterfall. The open air of an
abandoned flower field. My mom wanted all of this so badly.
My mom found that chance of escape, that
chance founded by luck, and she escaped with her 11-year-old nephew. Her
sister, the sister’s husband, and their 13-month-old child also went along.
For seven days, my mom shared a wooden
fisherman’s boat with 39 people. They had no food. Sickness did not
discriminate by age or gender. Other boats had capsized, and no one was saved –
even the children. When I was little, my mom told me stories about cannibals.
She heard from other Vietnamese refugees that on one boat, a man was so hungry
that he couldn’t contain himself. He snatched the nearest person, a girl about
the age of 5 and took a bite of her arm. Then her leg. Then the other leg. No
one stopped him. As a child, I thought this couldn’t be true.
In reality, it was true. Other horrible
and inconceivable crimes against humans occurred during this time. Thai pirates
scooped the Vietnamese women from the boats, in guise of offering help, but
then they ended up brutally raping and pilfering them. Women suffered – but for
what? They had only their skin and bones.
My mom didn’t want to meet her end in a
boat, a boat that likely led to freedom. She had to move on. If anything, my
mom had learned how to press forward in times of struggles. In an article by
Robert Funseth, senior deputy assistant Secretary of State in 1986, he wrote
that the exodus of boat people had “resulted in so much needless human
suffering and death.” But I can’t fathom why he would write “needless.” He
makes it sound like the Vietnamese had escaped in hopes of encountering that
suffering. But really they had to choose: either suffer at the hands of others
or suffer in their own journey when they still controlled their lives.
In escaping, my mom came closer to
touching freedom.
Before my mom left Vietnam, she went to
see an old woman that used to buy rice from her parents. That woman had lost
her son years before, and she couldn’t find him. She missed him dearly because
he was her only relative that she cared about. My mom told her about her plan
to escape, and said that if she made it, if she survived to step foot on
American soil, she’d look for that missing son.
That woman was my grandmother. Her son
was and is my father.
My mother kept her promise. She didn’t
know anything about my father, and she wasn’t that close to my grandmother at
first. Yet she did keep that promise for an old forlorn woman. After spending a
few years in Palawan, Philippines, as a refugee and also as a volunteer French
translator, she entered the United States. There, she met up with a brother in
Washington who had left before Saigon fell. Soon after, she moved to Connecticut
with her sister who escaped with her.
The Vietnamese have the uncanny ability
to keep in touch, even after years of separation. My mom keeps a booklet that
has all the names of refugees in the Philippines, friends in Vietnam and family
all over the United States.
A friend of my father’s also kept such a
phonebook. He lived in San Diego and saw that ad in the newspaper, so he told
my father.
After a series of love letters that my
dad refuses to admit to writing, in 1988, my father and my mother wed.
“So she won me over,” my father finished.
The 63-year-old at the end of his tale gave me a nearly toothless smile. “And
that was the end of my freedom.”
When I told my mother the first part
(the second part just ruined the whole sentimental value), my mom burst into
tears or anything like that. She just turned to my dad, who stood next to me.
“You idiot,” she muttered in Vietnamese, a smile on her face. My dad started to
laugh. I didn’t understand them, but I didn’t ask.
In college,
I’m becoming more aware that I exist, and therefore my successes exist, because
of my parents. One
time, just like I am now as a young
journalist uncertain of my paths in life, they were scared and uncertain about
the future. But, I am the child of fighters.
Pham Thi Đông.
Lê
Phung.
I am Lê
Đông
Loan. My brother and sister also share the same middle name and last name.
In this way, I like to think that my
parents imbrued their names in their children’s names, so that we too are marked
as fighters, capable of taking on any task which we might have to encounter. Like
my mother, my father, and other brave relatives, I know how to move forward.
And I will, with the reminder of the past in mind.